“Without immediate and deep emissions reductions across all sectors, limiting global warming to 1.5°C [in line with the Paris Agreement] is beyond reach.” That was the unequivocal conclusion of the most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2020). Reducing emissions will require a transformation, not only in the energy sector but also in transport, buildings, and agriculture. This will involve a substantial reduction in fossil fuel use, widespread electrification, improved energy efficiency, and the use of alternative fuels (such as hydrogen).

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